What Is The Chemical Makeup Of Baking Soda

Chemical compound

For the leavening agent of which baking soda is a mutual ingredient, see Baking powder.

Sodium bicarbonate

Names
IUPAC proper name sodium hydrogencarbonate
Other names Baking soda, bicarb (laboratory slang), bicarbonate of soda, nahcolite, natrium hydrogen carbonate, natron
Identifiers
CAS Number	144-55-8 Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
Beilstein Reference	4153970
ChEBI	CHEBI:32139 Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1353 Y
ChemSpider	8609 Y
DrugBank	DB01390 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.005.122
EC Number	205-633-8
E number	E500(ii) (acidity regulators, ...)
IUPHAR/BPS	4507
KEGG	C12603 Y
MeSH	Sodium+bicarbonate
PubChem CID	516892
RTECS number	VZ0950000
UNII	8MDF5V39QO Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID9021269
InChI InChI=1S/CH2O3.Na/c2-1(3)4;/h(H2,two,3,4);/q;+ane/p-one Y Cardinal: UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Y InChI=1/CH2O3.Na/c2-1(three)4;/h(H2,2,3,4);/q;+1/p-1 Key: UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-REWHXWOFAQ
SMILES [Na+].OC([O-])=O
Properties
Chemical formula	NaHCO 3
Molar mass	84.0066 g mol−1
Advent	White crystals
Odor	Odorless
Density	two.20 thousand/cm3 [1]
Melting point	(Decomposes to sodium carbonate starting at fifty °C[1] [6])
Solubility in water	69 thou/L (0 °C)[2] [3] 96 thou/L (20 °C)[2] [3] 165 g/50 (60 °C)[ii] [iii]
Solubility	0.02 wt% acetone, 2.13 wt% methanol @22 °C.[4] insoluble in ethanol
log P	−0.82
Acidity (pK a)	6,34[v] 6.351 (carbonic acrid)[five]
Refractive index (n D)	nα = one.377 nβ = one.501 nγ = 1.583
Construction
Crystal structure	Monoclinic
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)	87.6 J/mol One thousand[7]
Std molar entropy (Southward o 298)	101.7 J/mol M[7]
Std enthalpy of germination (Δf H ⦵ 298)	−950.8 kJ/mol[7]
Gibbs energy (Δf Chiliad˚)	−851.0 kJ/mol[7]
Pharmacology
ATC code	B05CB04 (WHO) B05XA02 (WHO), QG04BQ01 (WHO)
Routes of administration	Intravenous, oral
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Chief hazards	Causes serious middle irritation
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	2 0 1
Wink point	Incombustible
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LDl (median dose)	4220 mg/kg (rat, oral)[8]
Prophylactic information sheet (SDS)	External MSDS
Related compounds
Other anions	Sodium carbonate
Other cations	Ammonium bicarbonate Potassium bicarbonate
Related compounds	Sodium bisulfate Sodium hydrogen phosphate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Yverify (what is Y N  ?)
Infobox references

Chemic compound

Cupcakes broiled with blistering soda as a raising agent

Sodium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: sodium hydrogencarbonate ^[ix]), normally known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda, is a compound with the formula NaHCO₃ . Information technology is a table salt composed of a sodium cation (Na⁺) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO₃ ⁻). Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline, but often appears as a fine powder. Information technology has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). The natural mineral form is nahcolite. It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs.^[x]

Nomenclature [edit]

Because it has long been known and widely used, the common salt has many different names such equally baking soda, bread soda, cooking soda, and bicarbonate of soda and can often be found most baking pulverization in stores. The term baking soda is more common in the United States, while bicarbonate of soda is more mutual in Commonwealth of australia, United Kingdom and Ireland.^[xi] and in many northern/primal European countries information technology is called Natron. Abbreviated vernacular forms such as sodium bicarb, bicarb soda, bicarbonate, and bicarb are common.^[12]

The word saleratus, from Latin sal æratus (meaning "aerated salt"), was widely used in the 19th century for both sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate.^[13]

Its E number food additive code is E500.^[14]

The prefix bi in bicarbonate comes from an outdated naming system predating molecular cognition in reference to the two tooth equivalents of carbon dioxide (known as carbonic acrid in the aboriginal chemistry language) that potassium hydrocarbonate/bicarbonate releases upon decomposition to (di)potassium carbonate and to potassium oxide (potash).^[15] The mod chemical formulas of these compounds now express their precise chemical compositions which were unknown when the name bi-carbonate of potash was coined (see also: bicarbonate).

Uses [edit]

Cooking [edit]

Leavening [edit]

In cooking, blistering soda is primarily used in baking every bit a leavening agent. When information technology reacts with acrid, carbon dioxide is released, which causes expansion of the concoction and forms the feature texture and grain in cakes, quick breads, soda bread, and other baked and fried foods. The acid–base reaction can be generically represented as follows:^[16]

NaHCO_three + H⁺ → Na⁺ + CO_two + H₂O

Acidic materials that induce this reaction include hydrogen phosphates, cream of tartar, lemon juice, yogurt, buttermilk, cocoa, and vinegar. Baking soda may exist used together with sourdough, which is acidic, making a lighter product with a less acidic sense of taste.^[17]

Estrus tin can also by itself cause sodium bicarbonate to act as a raising agent in baking because of thermal decomposition, releasing carbon dioxide at temperatures above 80 °C (180 °F), as follows:^[18]

2 NaHCO₃ → Na_iiCO_iii + H₂O + CO₂

When used this way on its own, without the presence of an acidic component (whether in the batter or by the apply of a baking powder containing acid), only half the available CO₂ is released (one CO₂ molecule is formed for every two equivalents of NaHCO₃). Additionally, in the absenteeism of acid, thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate also produces sodium carbonate, which is strongly alkaline and gives the baked product a bitter, "soapy" taste and a yellow color. Since the reaction occurs slowly at room temperature, mixtures (cake batter, etc.) tin can be allowed to stand without rising until they are heated in the oven.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Baking powder [edit]

Baking powder, also sold for cooking, contains effectually xxx% of bicarbonate, and various acidic ingredients which are activated by the addition of water, without the demand for additional acids in the cooking medium.^{[xix] [20] [21]} Many forms of baking powder incorporate sodium bicarbonate combined with calcium acrid phosphate, sodium aluminium phosphate, or cream of tartar.^[22] Baking soda is alkaline; the acrid used in blistering powder avoids a metal gustation when the chemical change during blistering creates sodium carbonate.^[23]

Pyrotechnics [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate is 1 of the main components of the mutual "black snake" firework. The result is caused by the thermal decomposition, which produces carbon dioxide gas to produce a long serpent-like ash equally a combustion product of the other main component, sucrose.^[24] Sodium bicarbonate is likewise used to delay combustion reactions past releasing CO_two and H₂O when heated, both of which are flame retardants.

Mild disinfectant [edit]

It has weak disinfectant properties,^{[25] [26]} and information technology may be an effective fungicide against some organisms.^[27] Because baking soda will blot musty smells, it has become a reliable method for used book sellers when making books less malodorous.^[28]

Fire extinguisher [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate can be used to extinguish small grease or electrical fires by being thrown over the fire, equally heating of sodium bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide.^[29] However, it should not be practical to fires in deep fryers; the sudden release of gas may cause the grease to splatter.^[29] Sodium bicarbonate is used in BC dry chemical fire extinguishers as an culling to the more corrosive diammonium phosphate in ABC extinguishers. The alkaline nature of sodium bicarbonate makes it the simply dry chemical agent, besides Purple-1000, that was used in large-calibration burn down suppression systems installed in commercial kitchens. Because it can act as an alkali, the agent has a mild saponification outcome on hot grease, which forms a smothering, soapy foam.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Neutralization of acids [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate reacts spontaneously with acids, releasing CO_two gas every bit a reaction product. It is unremarkably used to neutralize unwanted acid solutions or acid spills in chemical laboratories.^[30] Information technology is not appropriate to use sodium bicarbonate to neutralize base of operations^[31] even though information technology is amphoteric, reacting with both acids and bases.^{[ citation needed ]}

Agronomics [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate when applied on leaves, can prevent the growth of fungi; however, it does not kill the fungus. Excessive corporeality of sodium bicarbonate tin can cause discolouration of fruits (two percent solution) and chlorosis (1 pct solution).^[32]

Medical uses and health [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate mixed with water tin can be used as an antacid to treat acrid indigestion and heartburn.^[33] Its reaction with stomach acid produces salt, water, and carbon dioxide:

NaHCO₃ + HCl → NaCl + H₂O + CO_ii(one thousand)

A mixture of sodium bicarbonate and polyethylene glycol such as PegLyte,^[34] dissolved in water and taken orally, is an effective gastrointestinal lavage preparation and laxative prior to gastrointestinal surgery, gastroscopy, etc.^{[ citation needed ]}

Intravenous sodium bicarbonate in an aqueous solution is sometimes used for cases of acidosis, or when insufficient sodium or bicarbonate ions are in the blood.^[35] In cases of respiratory acidosis, the infused bicarbonate ion drives the carbonic acrid/bicarbonate buffer of plasma to the left, and thus raises the pH. For this reason, sodium bicarbonate is used in medically supervised cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Infusion of bicarbonate is indicated only when the blood pH is markedly low (< 7.1–vii.0).^[36]

HCO₃ ⁻ is used for handling of hyperkalemia, as information technology will bulldoze G⁺ back into cells during periods of acidosis.^[37] Since sodium bicarbonate tin can cause alkalosis, it is sometimes used to treat aspirin overdoses. Aspirin requires an acidic environment for proper absorption, and a basic environment volition diminish aspirin absorption in cases of overdose.^[38] Sodium bicarbonate has also been used in the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdose.^[39] Information technology tin can as well be applied topically as a paste, with three parts baking soda to i function water, to relieve some kinds of insect bites and stings (likewise equally accompanying swelling).^[40]

Some alternative practitioners, such equally Tullio Simoncini, take promoted baking soda as a cancer cure, which the American Cancer Order has warned against due to both its unproven effectiveness and potential danger in use.^[41] Edzard Ernst has called the promotion of sodium bicarbonate as a cancer cure "one of the more than sickening culling cancer scams I have seen for a long time".^[42]

Sodium bicarbonate tin be added to local anesthetics, to speed up the onset of their effects and make their injection less painful.^[43] It is too a component of Moffett's solution, used in nasal surgery.^{[ citation needed ]}

It has been proposed that acidic diets weaken bones.^[44] 1 systematic meta-analysis of the research shows no such result.^[45] Some other also finds that there is no testify that alkaline diets improve os health, but suggests that at that place "may be some value" to alkaline metal diets for other reasons.^[46]

Antacid (such equally baking soda) solutions accept been prepared and used by protesters to alleviate the effects of exposure to tear gas during protests.^{[ failed verification ] [47]}

Similarly to its utilize in baking, sodium bicarbonate is used together with a mild acid such as tartaric acid as the excipient in effervescent tablets: when such a tablet is dropped in a glass of water, the carbonate leaves the reaction medium as carbon dioxide gas (HCO₃ ⁻ + H⁺ → H₂O + CO_two↑ or, more precisely, HCO₃ ⁻ + H_iiiO⁺ → 2 H₂O + CO₂↑). This makes the tablet atomize, leaving the medication suspended and/or dissolved in the water together with the resulting salt (in this example, sodium tartrate).^[48]

Personal hygiene [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate is also used as an ingredient in some mouthwashes. It has anticaries and abrasive properties.^[49] It works every bit a mechanical cleanser on the teeth and gums, neutralizes the product of acid in the mouth, and also acts as an antiseptic to aid prevent infections.^{[50] [51]} Sodium bicarbonate in combination with other ingredients can be used to make a dry or wet deodorant.^{[52] [53]} Sodium bicarbonate may exist used equally a buffering amanuensis, combined with table salt, when creating a solution for nasal irrigation.^[54]

It is used in eye hygiene to treat blepharitis. This is washed by addition of a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate to cool water that was recently boiled, followed by gentle scrubbing of the eyelash base with a cotton wool swab dipped in the solution.^{[55] [56]}

Veterinary uses [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate is used every bit a cattle feed supplement, in particular every bit a buffering agent for the rumen.^[57]

Cleaning agent [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate is used in a process for removing paint and corrosion called sodablasting. As a diggings medium, sodium bicarbonate is used to remove surface contamination from softer and less resilient substrates such as aluminium, copper or timber which could be damaged by silica sand abrasive media.^[58]

A manufacturer recommends a paste made from blistering soda with minimal water as a gentle scouring powder,^[29] and is useful in removing surface rust, as the rust forms a water-soluble compound when in a concentrated alkaline solution;^[59] common cold water should be used, as hot-water solutions tin can corrode steel.^[sixty] Sodium bicarbonate attacks the thin protective oxide layer that forms on aluminium, making it unsuitable for cleaning this metallic.^[61] A solution in warm water will remove the tarnish from silver when the argent is in contact with a slice of aluminium foil.^{[61] [62]} Baking soda is commonly added to washing machines as a replacement for water softener and to remove odors from clothes. Information technology is as well about equally effective in removing heavy tea and coffee stains from cups as Sodium hydroxide, when diluted with warm water.

During the Manhattan Project to develop the nuclear bomb in the early 1940s, the chemical toxicity of uranium was an event. Uranium oxides were found to stick very well to cotton fiber cloth, and did not wash out with soap or laundry detergent. However, the uranium would wash out with a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate. Clothing can go contaminated with toxic grit of depleted uranium (DU), which is very dense, hence used for counterweights in a noncombatant context, and in armour-piercing projectiles. DU is not removed by normal laundering; washing with about 6 ounces (170 g) of baking soda in two gallons (seven.five L) of water will help to launder information technology out.^[63]

Odor command [edit]

It is oft claimed that baking soda is an effective odor remover,^{[64] [ ameliorate source needed ]} and information technology is often recommended that an open box be kept in the refrigerator to blot odor.^[65] This thought was promoted by the leading U.S. brand of blistering soda, Arm & Hammer, in an advert entrada starting in 1972.^[66] Though this campaign is considered a archetype of marketing, leading within a year to more than half of American refrigerators containing a box of baking soda,^{[67] [68]} at that place is little evidence that it is in fact effective in this application.^{[69] [seventy]}

Chemistry [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate is an amphoteric chemical compound. Aqueous solutions are mildly alkaline due to the germination of carbonic acid and hydroxide ion:

HCO ⁻
₃ + H₂O → H
_ii CO
_iii + OH⁻

Sodium bicarbonate can often be used equally a safer alternative to sodium hydroxide, and as such tin can be used every bit a wash to remove any acidic impurities from a "crude" liquid, producing a purer sample. Reaction of sodium bicarbonate and an acid produces a salt and carbonic acrid, which readily decomposes to carbon dioxide and water:

NaHCO₃ + HCl → NaCl + H_iiCO₃

H₂CO₃ → H₂O + CO_two(g)

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acetic acid (found in vinegar), producing sodium acetate, h2o, and carbon dioxide:

NaHCO_three + CH₃COOH → CH_iiiCOONa + H₂O + CO_ii(k)

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with bases such as sodium hydroxide to form carbonates:

NaHCO₃ + NaOH → Na_twoCO₃ + H₂O

Thermal decomposition [edit]

At temperatures from 80–100 °C (176–212 °F), sodium bicarbonate gradually decomposes into sodium carbonate, water, and carbon dioxide. The conversion is faster at 200 °C (392 °F):^[71]

two NaHCO₃ → Na_iiCO₃ + H_iiO + CO₂

Virtually bicarbonates undergo this dehydration reaction. Further heating converts the carbonate into the oxide (higher up 850 °C/1,560 °F):^[71]

Na_iiCO₃ → Na₂O + CO₂

These conversions are relevant to the use of NaHCO₃ equally a fire-suppression agent ("BC powder") in some dry-powder fire extinguishers.^{[ citation needed ]}

Stability and shelf life [edit]

If kept absurd (room temperature) and dry (an closed container is recommended to keep out moist air), sodium bicarbonate tin be kept without a significant corporeality of decomposition for at least ii or three years.^{[72] [73] [74] [75]}

History [edit]

The discussion natron has been in apply in many languages throughout modern times (in the forms of anatron, natrum and natron) and originated (like Spanish, French and English natron besides as 'sodium') via Standard arabic naṭrūn (or anatrūn; cf. the Lower Egyptian "Natrontal" Wadi El Natrun, where a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate for the aridity of mummies was used ^[76]) from Greek nítron (νίτρον) (Herodotus; Attic lítron (λίτρον)), which tin be traced back to ancient Egyptian ntr. The Greek nítron (soda, saltpeter) was also used in Latin (sal) nitrum and in German Salniter (the source of Nitrogen, Nitrat etc.).^{[77] [78]}

In 1791, French chemist Nicolas Leblanc produced sodium carbonate, also known as soda ash. The pharmacist Valentin Rose the Younger is credited with the discovery of sodium bicarbonate in 1801 in Berlin. In 1846, two American bakers, John Dwight and Austin Church, established the first factory in the United States to produce baking soda from sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide.^[79]

Saleratus, potassium or sodium bicarbonate, is mentioned in the novel Captains Mettlesome by Rudyard Kipling as being used extensively in the 1800s in commercial line-fishing to forbid freshly caught fish from spoiling.^[80]

In 1919, United states Senator Lee Overman declared that bicarbonate of soda could cure the Castilian flu. In the midst of the debate on 26 Jan 1919, he interrupted the give-and-take to denote the discovery of a cure. "I desire to say, for the do good of those who are making this investigation," he reported, "that I was told by a guess of a superior court in the mountain country of North Carolina they take discovered a remedy for this illness." The purported cure implied a critique of mod science and an appreciation for the simple wisdom of simple people. "They say that common blistering soda will cure the disease," he continued, "that they have cured information technology with it, that they accept no deaths up at that place at all; they apply common baking soda, which cures the disease."^[81]

Production [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate is produced industrially from sodium carbonate:^[82]

Na₂CO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O → 2 NaHCO_iii

It is produced on the scale of about 100,000 tonnes/year (as of 2001)^{[ dubious – discuss ] [83]} with a worldwide product capacity of 2.4 million tonnes per year (equally of 2002).^[84] Commercial quantities of baking soda are as well produced by a similar method: soda ash, mined in the grade of the ore trona, is dissolved in water and treated with carbon dioxide. Sodium bicarbonate precipitates every bit a solid from this solution.^{[ citation needed ]}

Regarding the Solvay process, sodium bicarbonate is an intermediate in the reaction of sodium chloride, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. The product however shows low purity (75pc).^{[ citation needed ]}

NaCl + CO₂ + NH_iii + H₂O → NaHCO₃ + NH_ivCl

Although of no practical value, NaHCO₃ may be obtained by the reaction of carbon dioxide with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide:^{[ commendation needed ]}

CO_ii + NaOH → NaHCO₃

Mining [edit]

Naturally occurring deposits of nahcolite (NaHCO_iii) are plant in the Eocene-age (55.8–33.9 Mya) Green River Formation, Piceance Basin in Colorado. Nahcolite was deposited equally beds during periods of loftier evaporation in the basin. Information technology is commercially mined using common underground mining techniques such as diameter, pulsate, and longwall mining in a fashion very similar to coal mining.^{[ commendation needed ]}

It is too produced by solution mining, pumping heated water through nahcolite beds and crystalizing the dissolved nahcolite through a cooling crystallization process.

In popular civilization [edit]

Sodium bicarbonate, as "bicarbonate of soda", was a frequent source of punch lines for Groucho Marx in Marx Brothers movies. In Duck Soup, Marx plays the leader of a nation at war. In 1 scene, he receives a bulletin from the battlefield that his full general is reporting a gas attack, and Groucho tells his aide: "Tell him to take a teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda and a half a glass of water."^[85] In A Night at the Opera, Groucho'south character addresses the opening night crowd at an opera by saying of the atomic number 82 tenor: "Signor Lassparri comes from a very famous family. His female parent was a well-known bass singer. His father was the first homo to stuff spaghetti with bicarbonate of soda, thus causing and curing indigestion at the same time."^[86]

In the Joseph 50. Mankewicz archetype All About Eve, the Max Fabian character (Gregory Ratoff) has an extended scene with Margo Channing (Bette Davis) in which, suffering from heartburn, he requests and then drinks bicarbonate of soda, eliciting a prominent burp. Channing promises to e'er keep a box of bicarb with Max'south proper noun on it.

See also [edit]

• Carbonic acid
• List of ineffective cancer treatments
• List of minerals
• Natron
• Natrona (disambiguation)
• Trona

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Bibliography [edit]

• Haynes WM, ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN978-1439855119.

External links [edit]

• International Chemic Safety Card 1044

What Is The Chemical Makeup Of Baking Soda,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate

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